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Serialism is an extension of Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique (sometimes called dodecaphony), which involves the use of tone rows: the basis of the system is that all the pitches of a composition are drawn from ordering of one (and only one) instance of each of the twelve notes in the chromatic scale and permutations of that row. The terms serial and twelve tone are often used as synonyms. To clarify the terms total serialism or integral serialism are often used to distinguish twelve tone composition from the more expansive kind.
The development of serial composition began by the desire of a group of young composers to find a new way forward in composition, combining the rhythmic innovations of Igor Stravinsky with twelve-tone technique. The first serial piece was Nummer 2 (1951) for 13 instruments ([1]) by Karel Goeyvaerts, a student of influential French composer and teacher Olivier Messiaen. The two developers of the idea were Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen, both drawing inspiration from the "parameterization" of Messiaen. They conceived of taking the structure of 12 tone technique, and expanding on Webern's compositional style, place all elements of music under the control of a unique "series". So instead of merely having "rows" of tones, which Webern would also associate with dynamics and attack, they proposed that each feature be serialized. While the Second Vienna School did not use the term "serial" to describe their music, it was applied to their work by later theorists and composers.
The vocabulary of serialism is rooted in set theory, and uses a quasi mathematical language to describe how the basic sets are manipulated to produce the final result. Musical set theory is often used to analyze and compose serial music, but may also be used to study tonal musicTonality is the character of music written with hierarchical relationships of pitches, rhythms, and chords to a "center" or tonic. Tonic is sometimes used interchangeably with key. The term tonalit was borrowed from Castil-Blaze (1821, Francois Henri Jose.
Serialism was enormously influential in post-War music. Theorists such as George PerleGeorge Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek. He composes with a technique of his own devising called twelve-tone tonality, which is very different from the twelve tone technique ( codified the system and his 1962 text Serial Composition and Atonality became the standard work on the origins of serial composition in the work of Schoenberg, BergInset of portrait of Berg by Arnold Schoenberg Alban Maria Johannes Berg ( February 9, 1885 December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School along with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, producing works that comb and Webern. Declaring itself "revolutionary" and "a new tonality", serialism created an environment where experimentation with sound, in a manner similar to the exploration of pure painting in Abstract Expressionism was at the forefront of composition, which led to increased use of electronics and other applications of mathematical notation to composition, developed by theorists such as the composer and mathematician Milton BabbittMilton Byron Babbitt (born May 10, 1916) is an American composer. He is particularly noted for his pioneering serial and electronic music. Babbitt was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but his family moved to Jackson, Mississippi at an early age. He stu.
Other composers to use serialism include Luigi NonoLuigi Nono ( 29 January 1924 8 May 1990) was an Italian composer of contemporary music. Nono studied at the Venice Conservatoire where he became acquainted with serialism. He married Schonberg's daughter Nuria in 1955). He became a leading composer of ele, who developed similar ideas separately, Roger ReynoldsAmerican composer Roger Reynolds was born July 18, 1934 in Detroit, Michigan. He received an undergraduate degree in engineering physics and was a founding member ONCE Group with Robert Ashley. His works most often include text and electronic elements, he, and Charles WuorinenCharles Wuorinen (born June 9, 1938 in New York City) is an American composer. Co-founder of the Group for Contemporary Music, Wuorinen writes serial instrumental music. Some of his pieces are influenced by fractal geometry and Benoit Mandelbrot, while hi, the later works of Igor Stravinsky and the early works of George Rochberg. Major centers for serialism were the Darmstadt School and the "School of Paris" centered around Pierre Boulez.
Serial music remains, 50 years after its founding, enormously controversial, attracting both ardent defenders and vehement attacks. Philip Glass described the School of Paris as "crazy creepy people writing crazy creepy music", while on the other hand one critic said that Boulez' Sonatas "reveal a sparkling world of turbulent passion and abstract beauty. " Many composers, such as Rochberg, who had been ardent serialists have largely abandoned the style, while many younger composers, such as Glass, never used it. Various terms have been introduced to describe this trend, such as the New Romanticism, etc. See: minimal_music
According to Boulez, "Classical tonal thought is based on a world defined by gravitation and attraction, serial thought on a world which is perpetually expanding."
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