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Speech:- (n.) an oral presentation by one person to a group (or sometimes just an individual); closely related terms include:
- Conversation (infomal speech by more than one person on a topic),
- Debate (formal communication between two groups holding opposing views vefore an audience), and
- the academic discipline of communications.
- (v.) the act of producing voice through the use of the vocal cords or other means, such as sign language, to create linguistic acts that communicate information from an initiator to a recipient. Synonyms for the verb usage include talk, say, oral, speak, tell, oral; verbal includes written communication.
In more colloquial terms, speech can be described in several different ways:
- A linguistic act designed to convey information orally.
- Various linguistic acts where the audience includes more than one individual, including public speaking, oration, and quotation.
- The physical act of speaking, primarily through the use of vocal chords to produce voice. See phonology and linguistics for more detailed information on the physical act of speaking.
However, speech can also take place inside one's head, known as intrapersonal communication, for example, when one thinksThought or thinking is a mental process which allows beings to model the world, and so to deal with it effectively according to their goals, plans, ends and desires. Concepts akin to thought are sentience, consciousness, idea and imagination. Thinking inv or utters sounds of approval or disapproval . At a deeper level, one could even consider subconsciousSubconscious may refer to: that which is subliminal to consciousness the underlying consciousness see subconsciousness. the music group see Subconscious (Band). Disambiguation. processes, including dreams where aspects of oneself communicate with each other (see Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud ( May 6, 1856 September 23, 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, a movement that popularized the theory that unconscious motives control much behavior. He became interested in hypnotis), as part of intrapersonal communication, even though most human beings do not seem to have direct access to such communication.
1 Problems
There are several factors that can affect the quality of speech as such. Among these are:
- Diseases and disorders of the lungThe lung is an organ belonging to the respiratory system and interfacing to the circulatory system of air-breathing vertebrates. Its function is to exchange oxygen from air with carbon dioxide from blood. The process in which this happens is called " extes or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections , and cancers of the lungs and throat.
- Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias and speech processing disorders, where impaired perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production.
- Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and nervous tics can also affect speech.
- Problems in the perception of sound and auditory information can affect speech. In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain types of dyslexia can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Hearing impairments and deafness can be considered to fall into this category.
Thus, it is clear that speech has both expressive and receptive elements. The purpose of speech can be to convey meaning or to increase social bonds between individuals and/or groups (it is often both). For the latter shallowness is not a problem. The success of a speech act depends on numerous factors, including the presence or absence of a variety of speech disorders, the ability of the speaker to express the intended message, and the ability and willingness of the audience to play the role of recipient.
Glossophobia is the widespread fear of public speaking.
