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In the context of social criticism and social sciences, standardization often means the process of establishing standards of various kinds, and improving efficiency to handle people, their interactions, cases, and so forth. Examples include formalization of judicial procedure in court, and establishing uniform criteria for diagnosing mental disease. Standardization in this sense is often discussed along with (or synonymously to) such large-scale social changes as modernization, bureaucratization, homogenization, and centralization of society.
Standards can be de facto, which means they are followed for convenience, or de jure, which means they are used because of (more or less) legally binding contracts and documents. Government agencies often have to follow standards issued by official standardization organizations. Following such standards can also be a prerequisite for doing business on certain markets, with certain companies, or within certain consortia.
A standard can be open or not ( proprietary).
There are many worldwide standards and drafts (for example, for the standardization of powercords) developed and maintained by the ISO, the IECThe initials IEC can stand for: Independent Electoral Commission Industrial Emergency Council Institut des Experts-comptables et des Conseils fiscaux Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Catalan Studies Institute Interactive Evolutionary Computation International, and the ITUThe International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications, founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris in May 17, 1865. Its main tasks incl.
Many specifications that govern the operation and interaction of devices and software on the InternetThis article is about the Internet the extensive, worldwide computer network available to the public. An internet is a more general term for a set of interconnected computer networks that are connected by internetworking''. WWW information network structu are de facto standards. To preserve the word "standard" as the domain of relatively disinterested bodies such as ISO, the W3C, for example, publishes "Recommendations", and the IETF publishes " Requests for CommentsAlternate meaning: A Request for Comments (RFC) document is one of a series of numbered Internet informational documents and standards widely followed by commercial software and freeware in the Internet and Unix communities. Where RFCs Come From The RFC s" (RFCs). These publications are often informally referred to as being standards.
In a military context, standardization is defined as: The development and implementation of concepts, doctrines, procedures and designs to achieve and maintain the required levels of compatibilityThe term compatibility has the following meanings: In telecommunication, the capability of two or more items or components of equipment or material to exist or function in the same system or environment without mutual interference. In computing, the abili, interchangeabilityIn telecommunication, an interchangeability is a condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other wit or commonality in the operational, procedural, materiel, technical and administrative fields to attain interoperability.
Note: the three levels of standardization in ascending order are: compatibility, interchangeability and commonality.
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