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The inner stories are told either to simply to entertain or more usually to act as an example to the other characters. In either case the story often has symbolic and psychological significance for the characters in the outer story. There is often some parallel between the two stories, and the fiction of the inner story is used to reveal the truth in the outer story. Often the stories are used to satirize views, not only in the outer story but also in the real world. The Itchy & Scratchy Show from The Simpsons and Terrance & Phillip from South Park both comment on the levels of violence and acceptable behaviour in the media and allow criticism of the outer cartoon to be address in the cartoon itself.
These stories may disclose the background of characters or events, tell of myths and legends which influence the plot, or even seem to be extraneous diversions from the plot. If a story is told within another, rather then being told as part of the plot, the motives and the reliability of the storyteller are automatically in question. The original author is regarded as a truthful even if he is telling fiction whereas an internal teller may alter or disguise details to make himself appear better. This allows the author to play with the reader's perceptions of the characters. In Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale and the rude miller tells a smutty tale.
An inner story is often independent so that it can either be skipped over or read separately although many subtle connections may be lost. A commonly anthologisedAn anthology is a collection of literary works, originally of poems, but in recent years its usage has broadened to be applied to collections of short stories and comic strips. The term is also applied to television series featuring a variety of different story is The Grand InquisitorThe Grand Inquisitor is a segment of Fyodor Dostoevsky's philosophical novel, The Brothers Karamazov. The Grand Inquisitor is easily one of the most important sections of the novel, and was recently published as an independent text by Continuum Books. by Dostoevsky from his long psychological novel The Brothers KaramazovThe Brothers Karamazov is the last novel of Russian novelist Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was serialized in The Russian Herald in 1879, and it was first published in book form in 1880. The Brothers Karamazov is the story of three brothers widely different in cha and is told by one brother to another to explain, in part, his view on religion and morality. It also, in a succinct way, explains many of Dostoevsky's own views.
A similar device known as a frame tale is when several short stories are linked together with another story about one or more fictional storytellers. An example of this is The Book of One Thousand and One NightsThe Book of One Thousand and One Nights , also known as The book of a Thousand Nights and a Night 1001 Arabian Nights or simply the Arabian Nights is a piece of classic Arabic literature in the style of a frame tale. Many of the stories are thought to hav.
This dramaticThis article refers to the art form. For the town, see Drama, Greece . Drama is a term generally used to refer to an art form involving performances by actors, either real or computer-generated. These performances can be in a variety of media: live perfor device was apparently first used by Thomas KydThomas Kyd ( 1558 1594) was an English dramatist, the author of The Spanish Tragedy and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama. Kyd languished in obscurity until 1773 when Thomas Hawkins, an early editor of the play, dis in The Spanish Tragedy around 1587, where it forms the spectacular resolution of the story. Kyd is also assumed to have used it in his lost Hamlet (the so-called Ur-Hamlet). In The Spanish Tragedy, Hieronimo is so convinced of the far-reaching consequences of his "revelation" that he predicts it will bring about the "fall of Babylon". In his use of the play within the play, Kyd seems to take Aristotle's idea of drama as catharsis to its apocalyptic conclusion.
William Shakespeare used this device notably in A Midsummer Night's Dream and Hamlet. In Shakespeare's Hamlet the Prince of Denmark Hamlet himself asks some strolling players to perform the Murder of Gonzago. The action and characters in the play mirror some of the events from the play Hamlet itself and the prince writes additional material to emphasise this. Hamlet wishes to provoke his uncle and sums this up by saying "the play's the thing wherein I'll catch the conscience of the king." Hamlet calls this new play The Mouse-trap a title Agatha Christie would borrow for a long running play.When characters in a play a perform on stage the action of another play, often with other characters forming an "audience", the audience in the theatre sometimes loses its privileged omniscient position because it is suddenly not clear who is in the play and who is in the play within. The device, then, can also be an ironic comment on drama itself, with inversions and reversals of its basic elements: actors become authors.
Alternatively, a play might be about the production of a play, and include the performance of all or part of the play, as in Noises Off or The Producers.
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