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The first to carry the title of 'Sultan' was the Turkmen chief Mahmud of Ghaznavid (ruled 998 - 1030). Later, 'Sultan' became the usual title of rulers of Seljuk and Ottoman Turks and Ayyubid and Mamluk rulers in Egypt. The spiritual validation of the title was well illustrated by the fact that it was the shadow caliph in Cairo that bestowed the title "sultan" on Murad IMurad I ( 1319 (or 1326) 1389; nick-named Hudavendiğar the God-like one) was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1359 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan I and the Byzantine princess Helen (Nilofer) and became the ruler following his father's death in, the third ruler of the Ottoman Empire in 1383Events End of the reign of Emperor Chokei of Japan Emperor Go-Kameyama ascends to the throne of Japan Births Pope Eugenius IV Deaths March 1 Amadeus VI of Savoy, Count of Savoy (b. 1334) June 15 Former Byzantine emperor John VI Cantacuzenus October 22 Kin. The earlier leaders had been beysBey is the Turkish word for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups In historical accounts, many Turkish and Persian leaders are titled bey beg or beigh''. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "leader..
At later stages, lesser rulers assumed the styling "sultan", as was the case for the earlier leaders of today's royal family of Morocco. Today, only the Sultan of Oman, the Sultan of Brunei, and some titular sultans in the southern Philippines, Java, and in the former Malay States ( MalaysiaThe Federation of Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. It consists of two geographical regions divided by the South China Sea: Peninsular Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula is bordered to the north by Thailand and to the south by Singapore; East Malaysia) still use the title. The sultan's domain is properly called a sultanate. A feminine form, used by Westerners, is sultanaSultana can refer to: the Sultana grape the title Sultana one of multiple ships named Sultana the Sultana bird.; the very styling misconstrues the roles of wives of sultans. In a similar usage, the wife of a German Field-Marshal might be styled Feldmarschallin.
Among those modern hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of lawThe rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established procedure. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary rulings in individual cases. Genera, the term is gradually being replaced by 'king'.
The consortA consort is somebody's spouse, usually a royalty. For example, Queen consort Imperial consorts of Tang China. of a sultan is sometimes called a sultanah.
See also: BeyBey is the Turkish word for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups In historical accounts, many Turkish and Persian leaders are titled bey beg or beigh''. They are all the same word with the simple meaning of "leader., Caliph, Emir, Khan and Shah.
Former Sultans and Sultanates
Contemporary Sultans
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