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Tolkaappiyam classifies the Tamil language into "senthamil" and "kotunthamil". The former refers to the classical Tamil used exclusively in literary works and the latter refers to the colloquial Tamil, spoken by the people. The book is based on the analysis of both spoken and written Tamil.
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The classification of the alphabet into consonants and vowels by splitting the conso-vowels was a scientific breakthrough. Grammatising this phenomenon was also an achievement of that time. Tolkaappiyam starts by defining the alphabet for optimal writing, grammatises the use of words and syntaxes and moves into higher modes of language analysis. The style and structure of narration of these rules is similar to that of the Backus-Naur form, which was formalised only as recently as 1963. Tolkaappiyam formulated thirty characters and three diacritic like symbols for Tamil. The 12 vowels combine with the 18 consonants bringing the total tally of alphabets to . The alphabet has evolved since then. For a detailed treatment of the alphabet see Tamil alphabet. Though the alphabet has evolved largely, the language as such has remained mostly in tact earning the sobriquet, kannith thamil meaning ever young Tamil.
Tolkaappiyam is organised into the following three chapters each of which is sub divided into 9 sections.
1. Ezhuththathikaaram
2. Sollathikaaram
3. PoruLathikaaram
Ezhuththathikaaram is further subdivided into the following 9 sections.
1. Nuul Marabu
2. Mozhi Marabu
3. PiRappiyal
4. PuNaRiyal
5. Thokai Marabu
6. Urubiyal
7. Uyir Mayangial
8. PuLLi Mayangial
9. KutriyalukarappunaRiyal
This section enumerates the alphabets of the language, organises them into consonants, vowels and diacritic symbols. The vowels are sub classified into short and long vowels based on duration of pronunciation. Similarly, the consonants are sub classified into three categories based on the stress.
This section defines rules which specify where in a word can a letter not occur and which letter can not come after a particular letter. It also talks about two sounds which occur when certain compound letters (consonant-vowel combo) formed with the vowels u and i come at the end of words.
Excerpt from Tolkaappiyam on articulatory phonetics This is a section on articulatory phonetics. It talks about pronunciation methods of Tamil alphabets at the level of diaphragm, larynx, jaws, tongue position, teeth, lips and nose.
Also, the visual representation of the alphabets is explained.
This section talks about the changes to words due to the following word i.e. it specifies rules that govern the transformations on the last alphabet of a word (nilaimozhi iiRu) because of the first alpabet of the following word (varumozhi muthal) when used in a sentence.
This section talks about the word modifiers that are added at the end of nouns and pronouns when they are used as an object as opposed to when they are used as subjects.
Sollathikaaram deals with words and parts of speech. It classifies Tamil words into four categories -
1. iyar chol - Words in common usage
2. thiri chol - Words used in Tamil literature
3. vata chol - Words borrowed from Sanskrit
4. thisai chol - Words borrowed from Other Languages
There are certain rules to be adhered to in borrowing words from Sanskrit. The borrowed words need to strictly conform to the Tamil phonetic system and be written in the Tamil script.
The chapter Sollathikaaram is sub divided into the following 9 sections.
1. KiLaviyaakkam
2. VEtRumaiyiyal
3. VEtrumaimayangial
4. ViLimaRabu
5. Peyariyal
6. Vinaiyiyal
7. Idaiyiyal
8. Uriyiyal
9. Echchaviyal
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