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| Urdu (اردو) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | India, Pakistan and 19 other countries |
| Total speakers: | 104 Million |
| Ranking: | 20 |
| Genetic classification: |
Indo-European Indo-Iranian |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | India, Pakistan |
| Regulated by: | not regulated by a language academy |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1: | ur |
| ISO 639-2: | urd |
| SIL: | URD |
Urdu(اردو) is an Indo-European language which originated in India, most likely in the vicinity of Delhi, from where it spread to the rest of the subcontinent. Other major metropolitan areas with a strong tradition of the language include Hyderabad, Lucknow, and Lahore.
Urdu developed as a vernacular dialect from the interaction between local Indian Sanskrit-derived PrakritPrakrit (Sanskrit prakrta "natural, usual, vulgar") refers to the broad family of the Indic languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. The Prakrits were vernaculars, often used for ordinary speech, and may be contrasted with Sanskrit, which continueds and the languages that were spoken in the courts of the rulers of the The SubcontinentThe Indian subcontinent is the peninsular region of larger South Asia in which the nations of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka as well as parts of Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and some disputed territory currently controlled by China are located. It is al, from the time of the Delhi SultanateThe Delhi Sultanate or Sulthanath-e-Hind Sulthanath-e-Dilli refers to the various dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526. Several Turko-Afghan dynasties ruled from Delhi: the Slave Dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dy to the Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire (alternative spelling Mogul which is the origin of the word Mogul of India was founded by Babur in 1526, when he defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last of the Delhi Sultans at the First Battle of Panipat. It was largely conquered by Sher Shah and its succeeding states. The language of the court, and of literature, was usually Persian, while that of religion was Arabic, the language of the Quran. This process of the mingling of these languages and the local dialects led to the development of everyday speech that sounded much like today's Urdu and Hindi. There is still a spectrum of dialects spoken in the streets of cities from Lahore and Karachi to Delhi and Calcutta and in the villages all over the region.
Urdu, especially in its less formalized form as it developed from a dialect to a more formal language, has also been referred to as "raikhtha" 1, which literally means "a rough mixture".
The formal language is sometimes referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Moalla, which can be translated as "Language of Camp and Court". The word urdu itself means "army", "horde" or "tent" in Turkish. Urdu, the Turkish word "Ordu, and the word horde (found in several European languages) have the same origin.
It soon became the language of the Mughals, distinguished linguistically from local languages by its large and extensive Arabic- Persian vocabulary (40%) superimposed on a base of grammar, usages and vocabulary that it shares in common with Hindi. The result was what has been called one of the world's most beautiful languages, the " Kohinoor" ("Mountain of Light," a famed native, large and brilliant diamond) of India. It is widely spoken today in both India and Pakistan and all countries having a sizeable South Asian diaspora.
The mix of Urdu and Hindi, forming the Hindustani dialects spoken in northern India and Pakistan, form the second-most-popular 'first' language and second-most-popular 'first or second' language in the world. Urdu by itself is the twentieth most popular 'first' language in the world and the national language of Pakistan.
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