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Vadodara is also a district in the state of Gujarat and the city is the administrative headquarters of this district. This district is surrounded by Panchmahal, Dahod (North), Bharuch, Narmada (South), Anand and Kheda (West) districts. To the east is the state of Madhya Pradesh.
It is home to almost 1.492 million people (as of 2001), the beautiful Maharaja Palace and the Maharaja Sayajirao University (M.S.U.) which is famous for its fine arts department. It has a high literacy rate by Indian standards of 78% (2001).
It is the second biggest city of Gujarat (after Ahmedabad), and known as its cultural capital.
Major industries include textiles, petrochemicals, engineering and a small but growing software industry.
While not having major tourist attractions, Baroda is generally considered a good place to live, and it has an interesting mix of traditional Indian areas like the old city, various temples , etc., and modern developments like shopping centres and multiplex cinemas.
About 15,000 people lived in slums in Vadodara according to the provisional results of census 2001.
It was one of the cities affected by the 2002 rioting between Hindus and Muslims. The riots in Gujarat led to around 2,000 deaths, most of them Muslims.
The earliest mention of Baroda is in a grant or charter of 812 that identifies it as Vadapadraka, a village attached to the nearby town of Ankottaka. In the 10th century Vadapadraka replaced Ankottaka as the main town.
Baroda more recent history began when the Maratha leader Pilaji Gaekwad (or Gaekwar) conquered the city from the Mughal empire in 1721. The Gaekwads were granted the city as a fief by the PeshwaThe Peshwa were the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire of central India from 1713 to 1818. The title is the equivalent of a Prime Minister to a king. The Maratha empire was founded by Shivaji in 1658. In 1674, Shivaji declared himself king ( raja), a, the nominal leader of the Maratha empireExtent of the Maratha Confederacy ca. 1760(shown here in yellow) The Maratha Empire (also spelled Mahratta , also called the Maratha Confederacy was a state in central India. It was founded in 1674 by Shivaji and existed until 1818. The Hindu Marathas had. After the Maratha defeat by the Afghans at the Third Battle of PanipatThe Battle of Panipat took place on January 14, 1761 at Panipat (Haryana State, India) about 80 miles north of Delhi, between the Maratha forces of north-western India aiding their allies, the Mughal Empire, and Afghan forces under Ahmad Shah Abdali. in 1761, control of the further regions of the empire by the Peshwas weakened, and the Gaekwad MaharajaMaharaja (also spelled maharajah comes from the Sanskrit words maha meaning "great" and raja meaning "king". It was and is used primarily for Hindu potentates. The female equivalent to Maharaja is Maharani (or Maharanee , a title used either by the wife os ruled Baroda until Indian independence. In 1802, the British intervened to defend a Maharaja that had recently inherited the throne from rival claimants, and Baroda concluded a treaty with the British that recognized their independence from the Maratha empire, and guaranteed the Maharajas of Baroda local autonomy in return for recognizing British sovereignty.
Maharaja Sayajirao III, who took the throne in 1875, did much to modernize Baroda, establishing compulsory primary education, a library system, a universityA university is an institution of higher education and of research, which grants academic degrees. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education. University is derived from the Latin universitas meaning corporation since the first medieval, and model textile and tile factories, which helped to create Baroda's modern textile industry. With India's independence in 1947, the last ruling Maharaja of Baroda acceded to India. Baroda was added to Bombay state, which was divided into the states of Gujarat and Maharastra in 1960. Because Gujarati was Baroda's predominant language, it became part of Gujarat.
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