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Home > War of 1812

The North American War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom is one of several wars associated with that year. It is more normally known in British texts as the British-American War to distinguish it from Napoleon's war against Russia which also began in that year and from the continuing British war with Napoleon. (These wars may perhaps be linked by a common connection with furthering Napoleon's Continental policy of economic attrition against British war-making capacity.)

This particular war began with the American declaration of war on June 18 of that year (following U.S. President James Madison's appeal to the U.S. Congress on June 1June 1 is the 152nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (153rd in leap years), with 213 days remaining. Events 193 Roman Emperor Marcus Didius is assassinated in his palace. 1485 Matthias of Hungary took Vienna in his conquest of Austria (from Frede), and lasted until the beginning of 1815Events January 3 Austria, Britain, and France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia. January 8 War of 1812: Battle of New Orleans February 3 The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland February 6 New Jersey g. The treaty of peace was signed at GhentThe Treaty of Ghent signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, Belgium, ended the War of 1812 between the United States and United Kingdom. Fighting continued for several weeks after signing the treaty, including the Battle of New Orleans, because news of the on December 24December 24 is the 358th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (359th in leap years). There are 7 days remaining. Events 640 John IV becomes Popel 1814 The Treaty of Ghent was signed which ended the War of 1812 1818 Silent Night composed by Franz Xave, 1814Events January 14 Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden January 29 French army of Emperor Napoleon I wins the Battle of Brienne January 31 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina. February Congress of Chatillon see George Hamilton Gordo, although it did not reach the U.S. until mid-February, 1815. Ratification was unanimously advised by the U.S. Senate on February 16February 16 is the 47th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 318 days remaining (319 in leap years). Events 1742 Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes British Prime Minister. 1804 First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to b. It was ratified by President Madison on February 17 (reportedly at 11pm) at which time ratifications were exchanged with the United Kingdom. The treaty was proclaimed on February 18, 1815.

1 Causes

The War of 1812 had various causes.

Madison, in his war message to Congress, named several major reasons for war:

• Ongoing impressment of American sailors into service on British Navy ships, an insulting breach of American sovereignty; see Chesapeake Leopard Affair
• Britain's navy "violating the rights and the peace of our coasts";
• Britain's blockade of U.S. ports ("our commerce has been plundered in every sea");
• Britain's refusal to repeal its Order-In-Council forbidding neutral countries to trade with European countries, and the British Navy's enforcement of this order;
• Britain's incitement of Native American nations ("savages", as said in the letter) to violence against the Americans.

Contemporary historians cite this sequence of events:

• After the British defeated the French in the French and Indian War in 1763, the British began to settle Westward into North America.

• Later that year, Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa organized native resistance among the Delaware (Lenape), Seneca, Chippewa, Miami, Potawatomi, and Huron. This is Pontiac's Rebellion.

• Following a series of bloody battles (Bloody Run, Bushy Run, and the loss of eight British forts), came the Proclamation of 1763. To make peace with the Indians, this Royal proclamation prohibited Westward settlement. Colonial reaction to this proclamation was very negative. This proclamation was a significant cause of the American Revolution.

• First the colonies, then the newly-formed United States turned Eastward as the American Revolution began ( 1776) and ended ( 1783).

• After the American Revolution, Britain wanted to keep an "Indian Buffer" between Canada and the new United States. To do this, Britain allied itself with the Native North American Indians.

• In 1807, HMS Leopard requested permission to board the USS Chesapeake to search for deserters. When this was refused, Leopard fired on and boarded the Chesapeake and carried off four seamen. Though the incident itself was minor, the implied attitude of the Royal Navy towards the USA - that it was independent only in name, and worthy of no esteem - outraged the American public.

• In the Election of 1810, the interior frontier states elected the "Warhawks". The Warhawks believed in the nation's Manifest Destiny, and wanted to expand Westward. None of the Warhawks were from the seaboard states – this fact is inconsistent with the idea that the War of 1812 was about Maritime law.

• In 1811, William Henry Harrison attacked the Shawnees in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

• In the U.S. presidential election, 1812, Madison justified the war of 1812 as a reaction to Britain's policies against American shipping (on June 1 that year he asked the United States Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom). This justification was needed to convince the coastal states that the war was necessary and important. The frontier states needed no justification. This is the first major war of the new country, and the first time that a war needed "justification" presented to its citizens. Ironically, as the textbook history below indicates, this first war of the new nation was also very unpopular.

Several days after Madison's war message to Congress, the Senate voted for war, 19 to 13, reflecting this unpopularity.

What is not in most history books is the role that Native North Americans played in the war of 1812. Five of the seven major land battles were fought against primarily Native American forces in the interior of the continent.

At the end of the war, the outcome was that Britain gave up its alliances with the Indian nations, in exchange for the US leaving Canada alone. Although, "no territory was won or lost", the War of 1812 signalled the end of Native North American-European alliances. This resulted in Western settlement becoming a "mopping up" operation. The US could now settle the West, unafraid of European alliances. Although thousands of lives were lost in later US-Indian wars, the outcomes of these conflicts were never in doubt.

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