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King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, leaving his three-year old grand-daughter Margaret (the Maid of Norway) as his heir. When she died in Orkney in 1290, various claimants arose for the Scottish crown. The nobles of Scotland chose Edward I of England to arbitrate among the claimants, known as 'competitors'. The two main competitors were Robert the Bruce and John Balliol. In 1292 Edward picked Balliol, apparently believing that he would swear allegiance and Edward could gain Scotland as part of England. When Edward ordered Balliol to join the English campaign in France in 1295 he refused. Threatened by Edward, Balliol signed a tripartite treaty with France and Norway. Although Norway never acted upon it, the Franco-Scottish alliance, later known as the Auld Alliance, was effective until 1560.
This brought about a swift invasion by England whose army defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar (1296). Balliol was deposed and Scotland was occupied by England.
After this defeat parts of Scotland rose up in revolt under William Wallace. Despite some notable successes, such as the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297Events 8 January Monaco gains independence. William Wallace begins his revolt against the English. Canonization of Louis IX, King of France 11 September Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots of William Wallace defeat English. Births Emperor Hanazono of Japan D, Wallace, fighting in the name of the King, was betrayed and executed by the English.
The revolt calmed for a period, until Robert the Bruce, the grandson of the competitor of 1292, was crowned King of Scots in 1306. This time, the Scots were more successful and Robert the Bruce comprehensively defeated Edward II of EnglandThis article is about the fourteenth century king of England. For other uses see Edward II (disambiguation Edward II ( April 25, 1284- September 21, 1327), of Caernarvon; king of England, the fourth son of Edward I of England by his first wife Eleanor of at the Battle of BannockburnThe Battle of Bannockburn ( June 23- June 24, 1314) was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. Prelude Stirling Castle was besieged by the Scots in the spring of 1314. The commander at Stirling, Sir Philip Mowbray, agreed to in 1314Events June 24 Battle of Bannockburn. Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce beat Edward II of England. Scotland regains its independence. The Mappa Mundi (Map of the World) is made. It showed Jerusalem at the centre, as decreed in the Bible. Births Deat.
In 1320Events January 20 Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland April 6 The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath. Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The Venetian Arsenal is rebuilt the Declaration of ArbroathThe Declaration of Arbroath is the declaration of Scottish independence in the form of a letter that was submitted to Pope John XXII, after being signed by Scottish nobles on April 6, 1320, in order to overcome his objections to the end of a period of Eng was sent by a group of Scottish nobles to the PopeThis article is about the Catholic pope. See Pope (disambiguation) for other meanings of the word pope. The Pope is the Catholic bishop and patriarch of Rome, and ex officio supreme spiritual leader of what might be called the Catholic Communion (that is, affirming Scottish independence from England.
In 1327, Edward II of England was deposed and killed. The invasion of the North of England by Robert the Bruce forced Edward III of England to sign the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton on May 1 in 1328, which recognised the independence of Scotland with Bruce as king.
Major events of the Scottish Wars of Independence:
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