 |
Business | Industries | Finance | Tax |
| Index: > A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z |
|
|||||
| First Prev [ 1 2 ] Next Last |
Writing is also often used to describe the craft of creating a larger work of literature. This is an extension of the original meaning, which would include the act of writing longer texts. (Interestingly, if this is done on a typewriter, the physical act of making the marks on the paper in the typewriter would be called typing, whereas the intellectual activity involved in generating the letters, words and sentences would be called "writing".) Writing in this sense can refer to the production of fiction, non-fiction, poetry and letters.
Most of time, writing aims to produce works that are target of reading.
Typically, however, one will use a writing utensil (such as a pen or pencilA pencil is a handheld instrument used to write and draw, usually on paper. The writing is done with graphite (except for colored pencils), which is typically covered by a wooden sheath. Pencils may also have an eraser or "rubber" attached to one end.) to write characters on paperPaper is a thin, flat material produced by the compression of fibres. The fibers used are usually natural and based upon cellulose. The most common material is wood pulp from pulpwood (largely softwood) trees such as pines, but other vegetable fiber mater; or a computertower of a personal computer. A computer is a device for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical or logical terms. While factually accurate, this definition and those found in other dictionaries are so broad that th (or typewriter) to record characters to diskA disk or disc is anything that resembles a flattened cylinder in shape. More specifically: In biology, an intervertebral disc is a cartilaginous joint between vertebrae in the spine of vertebrate animals. In mathematics, a disk is a geometrical object., (electromagnetic tape, CD-ROMThe CD-ROM (an abbreviation for " Compact Disc Read-Only Memory" ( ROM) ) is a non-volatile optical data storage medium using the same physical format as audio compact discs, readable by a computer with a CD-ROM drive. A CD-ROM is a flat, plastic disc wit, or other computer medium on which information can be recorded). The use of pen and paper has historical primacy, and one could argue that the second is merely analogousAn analogy is a comparison between two different things, in order to highlight some form of similarity. Analogies are often used to explain new or complex concepts by showing the similarity between something familiar and something else. Analogy types In l to writing. Still, as commonly used, writing refers to recording visual characters on physical or electronic media.
In the western world, this means putting characters together to form words and sentences. In cultures using ideogramA Chinese character. The ideographic representation of a child beneath a roof which once had the meaning of "to care for", has since changed over the years to a deflective meaning of "character", "word" or more from the point of view of the ideograph as ss, each character used represents a word or concept, and can then be put together with others to form sentences.
Writing is believed to have originated by the simple drawing of ideograms: for example, a drawing of an apple represents an apple, and a drawing of two legs may represent the concept of walking or standing. From this origin, the symbols become more abstract, eventually evolving into symbols which seem unrelated to the original symbol. For example, the letter N in English is actually from an Egyptian hieroglyphA hieroglyph is one part of an ideographic writing system that is often found carved in stone. Hieroglyphs are regarded as sacred characters to many and are used in what at one time was called "picture writing". Examples of hieroglyphs can be found on bui representing the same sound, but depicting waves in water - the Egyptian word for water contains only one consonant /n/, and the picture eventually came to represent not only the idea of water, but the sound /n/ as well.
Writing with the intent to communicate has been viewed spontaneously in non-humans. Work with the bonobos Kanzi and Panbanisha in the United States has provided one such example. The examples which occur are very few, but the origin of bonobo "writing" seems to be analogous to the origin of human writing.
An exception to the general rule that writing is an attempt to communicate is the writing in unknown scripts or languages alleged by mediums to be communicated to them by ghosts, spirits, or other, generally supernatural or extraterrestrial entities. This technique is known as automatic writing.
Writing that blends meaning and transcription is called constrained writing.
Sometimes writing is done in invisible ink that can be later decoded, if the message is intended to be secret and only for the recipient or recipients.
Rarely, "writing" is used to refer to the making of marks using various methods, that is not, strictly speaking, writing, as in the " indecipherable writing" (a type of surautomatism) developed by the Romanian surrealists; "indecipherable writing" is actually more akin to what would commonly be described as drawing or painting than writing.
The borderline between prehistory and history is usually taken to be the time from when we have written records. The importance of writing for history and record keeping comes from the fact that it allows information to be stored and communicated across generations, in addition to between individuals (as language enables.)
The first examples of writing are probably cave drawings , most famously found in France. Even these proto-languages show significant structure. The first examples of structured linear writing have been found in the lower Danube Valley and date from around 5000 BC. The first examples of Sumerian writing in Mesopotamia date from around 4000 BC. Initially symbols were recorded to indicate objects and actions performed by those objects most often for recording of rituals - so-called logotypical alphabets, shortly after this the same symbols are seen to be used to record categories of objects, most often in commerce. In an increasingly complex world, typified by the first major complex civilisations in Sumeria and ancient Egypt, this form of writing quickly reached its limits, and we see the use of those same symbols to represent syllabic sounds - the so-called phonotypical alphabets. Abstraction of the symbols into modern Asian, Arabic and Latic alphabets was driven by the need to permanently record ever more complex ideas, and the technology of paper and pen.
Interestingly, the evolution of written language appears to have run parallel up to the phase of basic phonotypical alphabets in both Europe/Asia and America, with the Spanish Conquistadores unfortunately putting a stop to the development in the 15th century.
| Politics | Business | Finance |
 |
 |
 |
|