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is a collective term for non-Chinese tribes during the period from the Han Dynasty to the Northern Dynasties. These nomadic tribes originally residing outside China gradually migrated to inhabit areas vacated by years of turmoil between the Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms. These non-Chinese tribes, which the Han had fought to a standstill along the border, seized the opportunity afforded by the weakness of the Chinese government to extend their search for pastoral lands into the fertile North China Plain.
The Rebellion of the Eight Kings during the Western Jin Dynasty triggered the large scale Wu Hu uprising from 304, which sacked the Chinese capitals at Luoyang ( 311) and Changan. The Hunnic Kingdom of HanThe Han Zhao ( Simplified Chinese character: , Traditional Chinese character: , pinyin Hanzhao) ( 304- 329) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Chinese Jin Dynasty (265-420). It represented two states, the Han state (, pinyin Han) proclaimed in- Former Zhao captured and executed the last two Jin emperors as the Western Jin Dynasty crumbled in 317Events Jin Yuan Di succeeds Jin Min Di; end of the western and beginning of the eastern Jin Dynasty King Marian II of Iberia declares Christianity the official state religion Births February Constantine II, Roman Emperor Deaths 317.. Most Chinese fled to the south of Chang JiangThe Chang Jiang ( Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , pinyin: chang jing, Wade-Giles: Ch'ang Chiang, lit. Long River") is the longest river in Asia and the third longest in the world after the Amazon in South America and the Nile in Africa. The r as numerous tribes founded by Wu Hu and remnants of Chinese wreaked havoc in the north. Fu Jian temporarily unified the north but his brilliant achievement was destroyed after the Battle of Feishui. The Northern Wei DynastyThe Northern Wei Dynasty ( 386- 534) is most noted for the unification of northern China in 440, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived. In 493 AD the dynasty moved its capital from unified again in 439Events Eudoxia, wife of the Roman Emperor Valentinian III, is granted the rank of Augusta following the birth of their daughter Eudocia. October 19 Carthage falls to the Vandals Northern China united under the Northern Wei Dynasty; era of Northern Dynasti and ushered in the Northern Dynasties.
Wu Hu literally means "five non-Chinese races", hence giving it another name, the Five Hu. Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiongnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns), Xiānbei (鮮卑), Di (氐), Qiāng (羌), and Jié (羯) although different groups of historians and historiographers have their own definitions.
The above composition of Wu Hu is the most accepted since those five tribes were the major ones. The term Wu Hu was first used in Cui Hong's Shiliuguochunqiu , which recorded the history of the five tribes' ravaging Northern China from the early 4th century to the mid 5th century.
After later historians determined that more than five nomadic tribes took part, Wu Hu has become a collective term for all non-Chinese nomads residing in North China at the time. The time at which the ravages occurred is called The Period of Wu Hu (五胡時代) or the Wu Hu ravaging of China (五胡亂華). Tribes founded by Wu Hu were coined the Sixteen Kingdoms.
Definition of Wu Hu: a collective term of all non-Chinese tribes ravaging China from late 3rd to mid-5th century. Traditionally (but still in use to some extent) it only included Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and Jie.
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