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Variations include: Xiong-Nu, Hun-no, Xiung-Nu, Hsiong-Nu, Hsiung-Nu, Hiung-No.
The "奴" tribes and affected statelets included:
They also exerted some influence over
After the Xion lost political control in the 4thCCenturies: 2nd century BC 1st century BC 1st century Decades: 50s BC 40s BC 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC 0s BC 0s 10s 20s 30s 40s 9 BC 8 BC 7 BC 6 BC 5 BC 4 BC 3 BC 2 BC 1 BC 1 2 Events Archelaus becomes king of Judea. Herod Antipas becomes king of the Galilee Bi, there was a brief period of confusion until many of these former serf tribes came together again under YuyonJuan Juan ( wg), Ruanruan ( py), Ru Ru (py) or Rouran (py) was the name of a confederacy of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of China proper from late 4th century until late 6th century. The term Rouran was a Chinese language transciption of the pro organisation.
An entry in a Chinese dictionary says that Xiongnu (Xiongnú), (匈奴) n., The Huns, were Mongolian tribes in northeastern ChinaThis article is on the geographic and cultural entity. For other meanings, see China (disambiguation). China ( Traditional Chinese: , Simplified Chinese: , Hanyu Pinyin: Zhongguo, Wade-Giles: Chung-kuo) is a country in continental East Asia with some oute and Mongolia, historically under various names (玁狁 Xiǎnyǔn, 匈奴 Xiongnú, and 胡 Hú) 1000 B.C. to 6th century A.D. In the 4th, 5th and 6th centuries, five northern tribes, including Tartars, Mongols, Turkics invaded and occupied North China. These tribes are categorically labelled Hú dí (胡狄), such period is referred to as "Five barbarian tribes' invasion of China" (五胡亂華) by Chinese historians. By the 6th century, the term hú simply means the barbarian invaders including more than the Huns. Sentences in parentheses are highly disputable.
In fact, the 匈 must not be confused with their 奴. The first reference to the 'Savage' ones in Chinese records is when Chunwei (chinese characters are missing) the son of the last Xia (夏) emperor Jie returned with 500 members of his 夏 nation to his relatives the 匈 after his father was removed because of his decadent ways.
The Chinese historians' definition of "Five barbarian tribes' invasion of China" (五胡亂華) never included Tartars, Mongols and Turkics. Hu (胡,Hú) was a collective noun for non-Chinese tribes in China. The word Tungus derives from Tong (eastern) Hu (barbarian?). Di (狄,di2) specified to those lively in Northern China, as in the famous term: Róng Yí Mán Dí (戎夷蠻狄(?)) which depicted all non-Chinese tribes living around China. Note that all four characters Róng Yí Mán Dí were all collective nouns for non-Chinese tribes. They are not names of individual tribes.
Hú dí means non-Chinese tribes living in Northern China. The composition of Tartars and Mongols and Turkics etc., in hú dí is pretty arbitrary, and cannot be supported by historical evidence. If one wants to refer to those five non-Chinese tribes who "invaded" China, it is better to use the term Wu Hu.
The term "Mongols (and hence its adjective Mongolian)" was abused mostly by western historians since the ravage of Europe in 13th century by Mongols led by grandson of Genghis Khan was so destructive. Any group of herdsmen that had resided on modern Mongolian steppes were referrred as Mongolian, regardless to when they appeared in history. This broad terminology is certainly misleading.
Similarly, in the past some Chinese historians have depicted "Hu" as the equivalence of "Xiongnu" or Huns. For example the Xiongnu/Huns had already ceased top exist by the time of Mulan. It would have been Turks that she had to deal with. This terminology is outdated and no longer used by current researchers. As noted above, "Hu" is a collective noun. This should be kept in mind when one comes across any old or traditional Chinese historical text.
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