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In 1816 Shaka acceded to the Zulu throne. Within a year he had conquered the neighboring clans, and had made the Zulu into the most important ally of the large Mtetwa clan, which was in competition with the Ndwandwe clan for domination of the northern part of modern day KwaZulu-Natal.
He also initiated many military, social, cultural and political reforms, creating a well organized centralized Zulu state. The most important of these were the transformation of the army, thanks to innovative tactics and weapons he conceived, and a showdown with the spiritual leadership, clipping the wings, claws and fangs of the witchdoctors, effectively ensuring the subservience of the "Zulu church" to the state.
Another important reform was to integrate defeated clans into the Zulu, on a basis of full equality, with promotions in the army and civil service being a matter of merit rather then circumstance of birth.
After the death of Mtetwa king Dingiswayo around 1818, at the hands of Zwide king of the Ndwandwe, Shaka assumed leadership of the entire Mtetwa alliance. The alliance under his leadership survived Zwide's first assault at the Battle of Gqokli Hill. Within two years he had defeated Zwide at the Battle of Mhlatuze River and broken up the Ndwandwe alliance, some of whom in turn began a murderous campaign against other Nguni tibes and clans, setting in motion what has come to be known as Defecane or Mfecane, a mass migration of tribes fleeing tribes fleeing the remnants of the Ndwandwe fleeing the Zulu. By 1825 he had conqured a huge empire covering a vast area from the sea in the east to the Drakensberg mountains in the west, and from the Pongola River in the north to the Bashee river in the south, not far from the modern day city of East London.
An offshoot of the Zulu, the Kumalos, better know to history as the Matabele created under their king, Mzilikazi an even larger empire, including large parts of the highveld and modern day Zimbabwe.
Shaka, who had had contacts with English explorers realized that the white man posed a threat to local populations, and had planned to begin an intensive program of education to enable the Nguni people to catch up with the Europeans. However in 1828 he was assassinated by his half brother Dingane, who succeeded him. Dingane was responsible for the execution of Piet Retief and a number of Boers in 1838. In 1840 Dingane was murdered near Hlatikhulu Forest on the Lebombo Mountains near IngwavumaIngwavuma is a town in the Umkhanyakude District Municipality of KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The town was named after the Ngwavuma River and is over 700 metres above sea level in the Lebombo Mountains. The town is three kilometres from the count. Under his successors MpandeMpande (1798 1872) was king of the Zulu nation from 1840 to 1872, making him the longest reigning Zulu king. He was a half-brother of Shaka and Dingane, who both preceded him as kings of the Zulu. He was born in Babanango, Zululand. He was considered a we (another half-brother), who reigned till 1878, and Mpande's son CetshwayoCetshwayo kaMpande (circa 1826 February 8, 1884) was the king of the Zulu nation from 1872 to 1879 and their leader during the Zulu War. His name has also been transliterated as Cetawayo Cetewayo Cetywajo and Ketchwayo . Cetshwayo was born a son of Zulu k the Zulu were able to rebuff Boer attempts to conquer them.
However, they then were presented with the problem of the British. In 1878 Sir Henry Bartle FrereSir Henry Bartle Edward Frere, 1st Baronet ( March 29, 1815 May 29, 1884) was a British administrator. Born at Clydach in Brecknockshire, he was the son of Edward Frere and a nephew of John Hookham Frere, of Anti- Jacobin and Aristophanes fame. After leav, British Commissioner for South Africa, issued an ultimatum that he disband his army and concede to a number of demands. (This ultimatum was delivered at the Ultimatum tree, which can still be visited on the Natal bank of the Tugela river, below the present-day N2 highway bridge). The Anglo-Zulu WarThe Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between Britain and the Zulus, and signalled the end of the Zulus as an independent nation. It had complex beginnings, some bad decisions, bloody battles that caused the British to engage earlier than they intended, b resulted.
Initially the British suffered heavy defeats at the Battle of IsandlwanaThe Battle of Isandlwana was a battle in the Zulu War in which a Zulu army wiped out a British force on January 22, 1879. The British were commanded by Frederick Augustus Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford. Overview The British presented an ultimatum on Decem January 22January 22 is the 22nd day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 343 days remaining (344 in leap years). Events 1771 Spain cedes Port Egmont in the Falkland Islands to England. 1824 Ashantis crush British forces in the Gold Coast. 1840 British, 1879Events January January 11 Anglo-Zulu War begins January 22 Zulu troops massacre British troops at the Battle of Isandlwana. At Rorke's Drift, outnumbered British soldiers drive the attackers away after hours of fighting. February February 12 At New York C where more than 1000 British soldiers were killed on one day by the Zulu army. This was worst defeat the British army had ever suffered at the hands of a non-European fighting force at the Battle of Isandlwana. The defeat prompted a reorganisation of the war and more troops were sent to Natal to ensure a British victory at Ulundi in 1879. Cetshwayo was exiled and Zululand was cut up into 13 regions each administered by a kinglet. The largest of these was given to John Dunn, a white hunter who had befriended Cetshwayo.
After the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879 a British resident Melmoth Osborne was appointed to mediate between the local chiefs and the British government, but continuing strife prompted the annexation of Zululand on May 9, 1887, followed by its attachment to Natal on December 31, 1897. (say more about the administration of Zululand)
In 1895 the areas of Ubombo and Ingwavuma were visited by Sir Charles Saunders of Eshowe and subsequently annexed to Zululand in 1897.
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